Spreading the risk : marine insurance as a commercial and financial innovation in Europe up to the eighteenth century -- An entrepôt in the north : Hamburg as a centre of maritime trace and transport -- Depending on the city's commerce : the 'regional' Hamburg insurance market in the eighteenth...

Most labor scarce overseas countries moved decisively to restrict their immigration during the first third of the 20th century. This autarchic retreat from unrestricted and even publiclysubsidized immigration in the first global century before World War I to the quotas and bans introduced...

The demographic history of the Jews in the Middle Ages may be characterized by two main phenomena: i) a sharp drop in the number of Jews until the beginning of the modern period, due mainly to conversions; and, ii) early urbanization. Until now, these features have been analyzed as primarily...