A total of 289 studies of returns to agricultural R&D were compiled and these provide 1821 estimates of rates of return. After removing statistical outliers and incomplete observations, across the remaining 1128 observations the estimated annual rates of return averaged 65 per cent overall; 80...

The challenge for agriculture and the emergence of agricultural research -- Birth of the land-grant university and its impact on agricultural research -- Institutionalization of agricultural research -- Changing paradigms in agriculture -- Recent paradigm changes in agriculture -- Success of...

This paper uses a gravity framework to investigate the effects of distance as well as subnational and national borders in knowledge spillovers. Drawing on the NBER Patent Citations Database, we examine patent citations data at metropolitan level within the U.S. and the 38 largest patent-cited...