children's reports of family or home characteristics rather than information provided by their parents. There is a well … been very little work on the implications for the estimation of socioeconomic gradients in test scores in the international …'s occupation, parental education, and the number of books in the family home. Our results suggest that children's reports of their …

measure how these estimates vary by country, over time, and by estimation method. We find evidence reporting (or file drawer …') bias in the estimates and, after due account is taken of this bias, we find that differences due to estimation method are …