Ocean acidification, the changing chemistry of the oceans as they absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, is likely to transform many aspects of the global marine environment by mid century, with severe impacts expected for calcifying organisms. This chapter examines how ocean acidification...

We live in the plastic age (the "plasticene"), producing over 300 million tonnes (mt) of plastic every year globally, 5–15 mt of which flow into already polluted oceans. Plastic remains a key material in the global economy, but low rates of collection, reuse and recycling, emissions of...