The existing empirical evidence on the relationship between apprenticeships, initial workplace training and economic downturns, is relatively scarce. The bottom line of this literature is that ratio of apprentices to employees tends to be (mildly) pro-cyclical and to decline during a recession,...

Concerns about the polarization of the labor market are widespread. However, countries vary widely in strategies for strengthening jobs at intermediate levels of skill. This paper examines the diversity of approaches to apprenticeship and related training for middle-level occupations. We begin...

Unter Nachhaltigkeit sind sowohl die umgebende Natur wie das menschliche Handeln in der Natur im Sinne des ökonomischen Handelns als auch die gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse zu subsumieren. Und das ist nicht nur in nationalen Zusammenhängen zu verstehen, sondern auch übergreifend, sprich...