Drawing on comprehensive indicator data of national ESG performance across 27 countries from 2006 to 2020, this study employs a panel Tobit model to examine the impact of government environmental protection spending on national ESG performance. The results demonstrate that government...

In response to anthropogenic climate change, developed countries have committed themselves to raise 100 billion USD a year from 2020 onwards for addressing the needs of developing countries. In this paper, we investigate the economic and CO2 emission impacts of four alternative options for...

We study the effect of countries' energy abundance on trade and sector activity, conditional on sector's energy intensity, using an unbalanced panel with 14 high-income countries from Europe, America and Asia, 10 broad sectors, and years 1970-1997. We find that (i) countries with large energy...

This paper examines whether lax environmental policy and abundant natural resources both attract foreign direct investment (FDI). At first, their potential effects are discussed using arguments from the pollution haven hypothesis and the natural resource curse. Using cross-country Ordinary Least...