a special emphasis on the first year of the euro. A contribution is made as to how to measure these roles, both for … identification of changes in the role of the euro during 1999 compared to the aggregate of euro predecessor currencies, net of intra … -euro area assets/liabilities, before stage 3 of EMU. A number of key factors determining the currency distribution of …

Monetary Union (EMU), focusing on the German intellectual and historical traditions behind the euro policy regime and its … the euro's guardian of stability, and ultimately the euro itself. Essentially, the national success of the Bundesbank … general perception in Germany today is that the euro crisis has confirmed the soundness of the key "stability …