This paper proposes a cross-border M&A model with financially constrained owners in which the identity of the buyer and seller can be determined. We show that policies blocking foreign acquisitions to protect the domestic industry can be counterproductive. Foreign acquisition can increase the...

In this contribution, at first, we introduce a basic network framework to study pyramidal structures and wedges between ownership and control of companies. Then, we apply it to a dataset of 53.5 million of companies operating in 208 countries. Among others, we detect a strong concentration of...

An overwhelming proportion of businesses in the world are very small, consisting of just one person with no or very few employees. Despite the small size of such businesses, it is extremely important to the economic wellbeing of states that they thrive and grow. In order to achieve this, access...