insurance may help realize the goal of mitigating catastrophe risk and the following losses. I explore five regulatory tools … — risk-based pricing, contract design, loss prevention services, claim management, and refusal to insure — used by … catastrophe insurers in five countries: U.K., U.S., France, Japan, and Turkey. I find that regulation by catastrophe insurance …

Insurance companies can be exposed to climate-related physical risk through their operations and to transition risk … through their $12 trillion of financial asset holdings. We assess the climate risk exposure of property and casualty (P&C) and … life insurance companies in the U.S. We construct a novel physical risk factor by forming a portfolio of P&C insurers …