This paper proposes a comprehensive climate stress testing approach to measure the impact of transition risk on investment portfolios. Unlike most climate stress testing models, which are designed for the banking industry and follow a top-down approach, our framework considers a bottom-up...

The situation of a limited availability of historical data is frequently encountered in portfolio risk estimation, especially in credit risk estimation. This makes it, for example, difficult to find temporal structures with statistical significance in the data on the single asset level. By...