Despite increased domestic production, the U.S. is still importing more than one-third of its crude oil needs, the vast majority via ocean tankers. At the same time, there are increasing concerns about the vulnerability of ports and terminals to man-made and natural disasters. This paper...

In Auseinandersetzung mit natürlichen, geographischen und klimatischen Bedingungen haben sich im Verlauf langer historischer Prozesse typische und arbeitsteilig aufeinander bezogene Funktionen von maritimen Wirtschaftsstrukturen, Küstenregionen und Hafenstädten herausgebildet. Ein zentrales...

Shipping emissions in ports are substantial, accounting for 18 million tonnes of CO2 emissions, 0.4 million tonnes of NOx, 0.2 million of SOx and 0.03 million tonnes of PM10 in 2011. Around 85% of emissions come from containerships and tankers. Containerships have short port stays, but high...