This paper discusses the design, implementation and use of standards from the perspective of transaction costs … economics. A proper design and implementation of standards may lead to a considerable reduction of transaction costs, which … shows that network externalities play a major role in the use of standards, and that, on the other hand, worldwide standards …

International standards have the potential to both promote and hinder international trade. Yet empirical scholarship on … the standards-trade relationship has been held up due to some methodological challenges: measurement problems, varied …