New technologies generate positive externalities — non-innovators can benefit through the adoption or imitation of the new technologies. International trade serves as a major channel for technology diffusion, allowing importing countries to acquire technical knowledge that they can potentially...

This paper examines the properties of the X-inefficiencies in U.S. bank holding companies derived from both stochastic and linear programming frontiers. This examination allows the robustness of results across methods to be compared. While we find that calculated programming inefficiency scores...