This paper revisits the hypothesis that landlocked regions are systematically poorer than regions with ocean access, using panel data for 1,527 subnational regions in 83 nations from 1950-2014. This data structure allows us to exploit within-country-time variation only (e.g., regional variation...

Proposals for incorporating information on the quality of human, social, and environmental conditions in more authentic and comprehensive versions of the Gross National Product (GNP) or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) date back to the foundations of econometrics. Typically treated as external to...

Proposals for incorporating information on the quality of human, social, and environmental conditions in more authentic and comprehensive versions of the Gross National Product (GNP) or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) date back to the foundations of econometrics.Typically treated as external to...

This paper uses an overlapping generations model with international labor mobility and a politically responsive fiscal policy to examine aging in developed and developing regions. Migrant workers change the political structure composed of young and elderly voters in both labor-receiving and...

This paper uses an overlapping generations model with international labor mobility and a politically responsive fiscal policy to examine aging in developed and developing regions. Migrant workers change the political structure composed of young and elderly voters in both labor-receiving and...

The antecedent studies have designed new funding with the intellectual capital money (IKM) upon trading the intellectual capital (IK) to ensure unimpeded access to it and spur its generation and exploitation. This piece examines the static and dynamic behavior of IKM in an open economy. The...

In our increasingly globalized economy, global competitiveness of countries and means to measure it gain increasing significance. One of the ways to measure it is by comparing an extent of economic freedom that countries have, which as surveys show can also largely explain differences in living...

This paper explores whether a state's dual role – wearing these two ‘hats' of a regulator (preacher) and a (practicing) party – has ostensibly demonstrated an inconsistent and imbalanced approach. It asks whether states really practice what they preach. This paper then addresses whether...

This paper takes into account the recent role of social spending on development. Social spending outcome in Sudan is influenced by limited targeting actions with very low interventions between results in economic growth and accesses to basic social services. An econometric models results show...

his essay places the first blueprint for the Intellectual Property Currency (IPC) funding that the International Central Bank for Intellectual Properties (ICB/IP) would issue to finance the implementation of intellectual capital and the generation of the next one. The blueprint formulates the...