mitigation measures, such as carbon prices applied to bunker fuels in the range of 10 to 50 USD/ton of carbon dioxide, might … increase maritime transport costs by 0.4 percent to 16 percent. However, this would only marginally increase the import prices …

observed changes from 2020 (September) in unemployment, trade, oil prices, and production to inform our model. Estimated gross … lockdowns lead to a decrease in global GDP of 7.2 per cent, and a decrease in grain prices of 9 per cent. These changes lead to …

Transaction costs are a major reason why international trade flows are much smaller than traditional trade theory would … suggest. Trust between trading partners lowers transaction costs and may therefore enhance trade. The empirical analysis of … this paper shows that more trust leads to more trade so that part of the mystery of missing trade can be attributed to the …

international food prices and proposed solutions to the crisis. These studies have covered global as well as local food price … high food prices. Commodity price analysis should, however, differentiate between three types of price changes: trends … technological changes. The supply, demand, and market explanations for high and volatile global prices have been differentiated as …