adherence is systematically higher along the pre-Islamic trade routes. We discuss the possible mechanisms that may give rise to … and proximity to lucrative trade routes. We argue that these elements exacerbated inequalities across diverse tribal … societies producing a conflictual environment that had the potential to disrupt trade flows. Any credible movement attempting to …

scourge of poverty, which impacts one region more than most: Africa. At the same time, a key pre-requisite for economic …-Saharan Africa. To address this, the region itself has initiated a major, long-term, continent-wide infrastructure development … programme which is intended to fix this problem sustainably - namely, the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa …

This paper examines the interacting effect of global shipping and trade on climate change in Africa using data on 31 …. The results reveal that, in both the short run and long run, global shipping and trade contribute significantly to climate … aggregate trade channel. Based on these outcomes, policies designed to reduce emissions from global shipping are important in …

developing countries and especially the least developed among them secure a share in the growth in international trade … commensurate with the needs of their economic development.This article discusses how the WTO contributes to facilitating Africa … diversify production, linking to the Global Value Chains and developing adequate infra-structures facilitating digital trade as …

targets of inclusive development via trade facilitation, and regional integration, the paper argues that given the Covid-19 … setback full potential depends on trade-led spillover benefits and structural factors. Our objective is to show that: given … preferential access trade agreement--the ricochet effect of the trade-induced productivity benefits via intermediates in the …