represented 83% of the world's population and 91% of the world's GDP in 2013. We address five questions: Do some countries have … more liberal trading regimes than others? Within countries, which industries receive the most import protection? How do …, how liberalized is world trade? Our analysis documents the extent of cross-sectional heterogeneity in applied commercial …

tariffs around the world improving our understanding of how countries set tariffs substantially. …This paper presents a new global tariff database covering tariffs at the six-digit product level for 197 importing … data and misreporting, almost doubling the number of available tariffs from 2.9 to 5.7 billion. The improvement in the data …

We explore the relationship between import protection and the household distribution of income. We first develop a … general-equilibrium mapping from tariffs to household inequality measures. This also yields predictions for linkages between … tariffs, development level, and observed household inequality. Working with a new dataset, we then examine crosscountry …

' export participation decisions. In the model as in the data, news and increased uncertainty about higher future tariffs …

In a world with increasingly integrated global supply chains, trade policy targeting upstream products has unintended … barriers of the US using its detailed input-output tables. As predicted by the theory, we find that measures on imported inputs …

This paper analyzed how the main economies have used the antidumping measures (AD) after the Uruguay round, between …

in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …