push into poverty. In Europe, the UK has spearheaded the definition and measurement of such phenomena. The most common way …

push into poverty. In Europe, the UK has spearheaded the definition and measurement of such phenomena. The most common way …

This paper provides evidence of the effect of immigration-based networks on German trade. Germany presents a particular … interesting case study to examine the effect of ethnic networks on exports due to its high export dependence and its reserved … migration policy. According to our results, we find no trade creating effect from migrant networks on exports but on imports …

international trade between the different countries, depending on the types of networks formed. We present possible applications of …