The examination of U.S. crises reveals that the current financial crisis follows past patterns. An investment bubble creates excess demand for new financing instruments. During the railroad bubbles of the nineteenth century loans were issued at a pace higher than many companies could pay back....

What can economists learn from dynamic partial control of chemical reactors? Both chemical reactors and the economy involve many variables that are difficult to fully predict or control. Thus, this paper suggests the use of partial control, which involves indentifying only the key variables that...

Financial markets have experienced unprecedented transformations, signs of which have emerged since the late 1970s. In recent years substantial consolidation occurred. In response to changes in macroeconomic variables, such as GDP, industrial production, inflation and the political business...