intermediate services against market entry of new suppliers. By scanning the empirical literature on effective rates of protection … important intermediate services like banking and telecom and thus these industries can be instrumental to help downstream … services will further rise due to various EU-policy rooted factors. As a result, protection rates of services in individual EU …

traditional services, the second wave of modern (financial, communication, computer, technical, legal, advertising and business …) services that are receptive to the application of information technologies and increasingly tradable across borders. In …