We examine whether frontier rule, which disallows frontier residents from a recourse to formal institutions of conflict …km-by10km grid cell-level data on conflict in a spatial regression discontinuity design framework, we show that areas … conflict management, led to a sharp surge in attacks against state targets in frontier areas. We show that the surge in …

, and entry points to mainstreaming citizen engagement in fragility,conflict, and violence (FCV) contexts. It does not …

experience situations of fragility, conflict, and violence. The government may have its own views on how and when to tackle the … long-term development challenges, including early engagement and a sustained presence in conflict-affected areas, as well …