in the inequality and growth literature. These include growth, openness, wages, and liberalisation. We review the …

Does trade openness cause higher GDP per capita? Since the seminal instrumental variables (IV) estimates of Frankel and … level to construct an instrument for multilateral openness that varies across countries and time. The instrument can be used …' performances as well as for the direct effect of disasters. We find that the elasticity of income with respect to openness is about …

de jure trade openness is positively and significantly associated with takeoffs. A one standard deviation increase in de … jure trade openness is associated with a 55% increase in the probability of a takeoff in our default specification. We also … find evidence that capital account openness encourages takeoff responses, although this channel is less robust. Measures of …

technologically advanced sectors in the economy. Then, we explore how different degrees of openness affect long-term incentives to … invest in basic research. Our main insight is that higher openness tends to encourage more investment in basic research which …