Naizen's The Portuguese namban ('foreigners') painted in Japan in 1543 are representations of worlds of trade, where wealth … modern merchant cultures is thus paramount to comprehending the sinews of globalization before 1800. Merchants worldwide …

the Afghan merchants of Afghanistan, Central Asia and Europe. It contests one-sided images that depict traders from this …, rather, the active role these merchants play in an ever-more globalised political economy. Afghan merchants, the author …, trading activities and everyday experiences of these mobile merchants, Magnus Marsden shows that traders' worlds are informed …

From trade diasporas to circulation society -- Old Julfa, the great deportations, and the founding of New Julfa, 1604 …/1620 -- The new Julfan trade network I: the world of the Indian Ocean -- The New Julfan trade network II: the Mediterranean … trade: informal and semi-formal institutions at work -- The circulation of men and credit: the role of the commenda, the …