governments in many countries. We show that a lack of preparedness for the Covid-19 pandemic resulted from four major types of … they were written. Third, it wasn’t clear that authorities had considered ex ante the effects of pandemic policies on … health and economic factors in a pandemic and how appropriate “lockdown”, income transfer, and loan policies could be …

economic costs of the Covid-19 pandemic relative to what they would have been if pre-existing recommendations had been followed … for ongoing implementations of pre-pandemic plans. These three areas are important in and of themselves, as well as for … setting the groundwork for pandemic stress tests and wargames. …

pandemic planning. …

, especially when it comes to negotiating a pandemic accord and creating robust supply chains. Against the backdrop of their … implementation of lessons learned from the Covid‑19 pandemic, not to mention global health in general. The question for Germany is to …