Digital markets have raised a number of new competition challenges. Ex-post competition policy appears not to be able … policy-makers, that ex-ante regulatory policies are needed to avoid competition being stifled in these markets, with a …

of bank competition on firms' access to finance. We find that low competition, as measured by high values of the Lerner … firms' access to finance. In addition, the impact of competition on access to finance depends on the environment that banks … operate in: greater financial development and better credit information can mitigate the damaging impact of low competition …

We study the equilibrium effects of the "S" dimension of ESG under imperfect competition in labor or product markets … adopting firms and many stakeholders. Under shareholder primacy, competition in ESG policies generally reduces shareholder … value, while coordination on policies raises new anti-trust concerns. Under stakeholder capitalism, competition in ESG …