We identify firms according to two life cycle stages, namely growth and maturity, and test the pecking order theory of financing. We find a strong maturity effect, i.e. the pecking order theory describes the financing behavior of mature firms better than growth firms. Our findings show that firm...

We examine the central prediction of the pecking order theory of financing among firms in two distinct life cycle stages, namely growth and maturity. We find that within a life cycle stage, where levels of debt capacity and external financing needs are more homogeneous, and after sufficiently...

Fluoride and silica contamination in water is a worldwide issue due to the wastewater discharge from semiconductor industry. Coagulation-ultrafiltration (UF) process is commonly used to treat semiconductor wastewater, but requires excessive amounts of coagulant/flocculant. In this study, an...