The rise of large emerging economies such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa – or the ‘BRICS’ – increasingly dominates global energy demand. Whereas these countries experience a steady growth of their middle class and increase their population’s access to energy, other parts...

How have emerging economies, such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, as well as Indonesia, Turkey and South Korea (or "BRICS+"), affected the international power balance? And to what extent are these countries cooperating strategically on economic, diplomatic, and security matters?...

The 2008 financial crises strongly challenged the European Union, a threat which was even reinforced by the 2010 sovereign credit crisis. Initially, its member states responded to the crisis in an ad hoc and uncoordinated manner. As the crisis persisted, it became clear that the individual...

The financial crisis that hit the world in 2008 exposed the fragility and weaknesses of our global financial system. It has triggered a global response: world leaders – for the most part in the framework of the revitalised G20 – have held several meetings to discuss and agree on a global...

The international financial crisis which broke out in 2008 has had a major impact on fiscal sustainability of countries all over the world. Countries have responded to the global recession with varying measures. However, various initiatives regarding fiscal policy have been taken at the global...