This study provides insight into sustainability challenges in Venezuela by exploring the causal interactions between oil price, energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Venezuela. Economic growth, government consumption expenditure and trade openness are included as additional...

This research estimated the smooth transition autoregressive model with exogenous variables to evaluate the non-linearity of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price from the exchange rate of US dollar and WTI crude oil production. The sample period used in this research was the weekly data...

This study examines the causal links between energy consumption (EC) and economic development, as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for four Balkan countries (i.e. Greece, Bulgaria, Romania and Albania) during the period 1980-2009. Energy is a key source of economic growth because many...

Our paper examines the triangular relationships between energy consumption, trade openness and economic growth of 45 countries from 1991 to 2014 using dynamic seemingly unrelated regression (DSUR) models. We confirm a bidirectional relationship among energy consumption and income, trade openness...

The article aims to investigate the relationship between economic growth, oil production, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in five OPEC countries for the last four decades (1978-2017). We found that per capita energy consumption has a negative relationship with per capita GDP while per...