To identify transactions at risk of tariff evasion, this paper matches export transaction data from France with import …

, unlike other import tariffs, AD duties are not absorbed by exporters. The results on firms' average markups also suggest that …

in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

This paper analyzes and compares differences in policy implications between import tariffs and antidumping (AD) duties ….e., less than fair value). Relative to an AD policy, the DC government's import tariff policy makes its domestic firm better … competition is high. However, if the market competition is low, the import tariff policy generates the highest surplus for DC …