We posit that historical resource scarcities played a role in the emergence of gender norms inimical to women that … historical availability of arable land, are statistically significantly negatively related to their present levels of gender … inequality, as gauged by the United Nations Development Programme's Gender Inequality Index. …

This study establishes the influence of sex-based grammatical gender on gendered violence. We demonstrate a … are consistent with the theoretical possibility that gendered language activates gender schemata in the minds of speakers …, increasing the salience of gender distinctions and existing gender norms which legitimize gendered violence. …