When the International Criminal Court (ICC) was established in 2002, States, NGOs, and the international community had extraordinarily high expectations that the Court could bring an end to impunity and provide broad-based accountability for international crimes. Nearly five years later, those...

The future of corporate criminal liability in the U.S. and around the world may be for failure to adequately act on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. In Europe and elsewhere, courts have found a fundamental right or the equivalent to protection from climate change. That right...

The relationship between corruption, particularly when systemic, and the rule of law is a circular one. On the one hand, corruption undermines the rule of law; on the other hand, a weak rule of law facilitates corruption. In a sort of parasitic relationship, corruption quickly attaches to the...

When they were discovered in 1999, the 16 vitamins cartels were probably the largest, most harmful, and harshest sanctioned international cartels of the late 20th century. Still today, the vitamins cartels are cited by antitrust authorities as the outstanding example of an enforcement action...

The book contents four studies of the special part in the Colombian criminal law. The first of them it's relates about genocide and its apology, the second relates to crimes against humanity, the third it's about war crimes, and the and final study explains the sexual offenses and sexual...

In this paper, we estimate quantitatively the determinants of variation in administrative fines imposed on companies by the European Commission for price-fixing violations. Estimates from our behavioral model provide the first direct test of the predictive power of the optimal deterrence theory...

For criminal violations of the Sherman Act, although guided by federal sentencing guidelines, U.S. Department of Justice has great latitude in recommending corporate cartel fines to the federal courts, and its recommendations are nearly always determinative. In this paper, we analyze the...

Djankov et al. (2003a) propose and measure for 109 countries in the year 2000 an index of formalism of legal procedure for two simple disputes: eviction of a non-paying tenant and collection of a bounced check. For a sub-sample of 40 countries, we compute this index every year starting in 1950,...

The central questions that this article addresses are: Has there been a significant judicialization of international arbitration in recent years? And is this judicialization really a sign of a loss of attraction for international arbitration? For these purposes, conventional assumptions about...