national bias looking across the board. Yet we do find evidence of bias for AB chairs, suggesting that when adjudicators are …

This article reports on a study of potential systemic bias in the resolution of ambiguous legal issues by investment … arbitrators or in secondary literature. The findings clearly supported initial expectations of systemic bias arising from unique … findings, some not raising concerns of inappropriate bias. Broadly, the findings lend support to perceptions that the design of …

methodology they uncover positive bias (that is: methodological changes that make it more likely to find sanction success as …

study comes up with a global ranking of the quality of (trade) governance. The paper also compares our bias-free indicator …