. In modern capitalist economies, the currency is also a simple public monopoly. As long as money has existed, someone has … currencies, currency pegs, currency boards, dollarized nations, and monetary unions) to examine the available policy space in …

diversify the types of currencies and the agents who create them. The proposed ‘Trade Reference Currency' would be a global …, purely digital currency, fully backed by a standardized basket of the major commodities in world trade such as oil, copper … the currency. Because it fits the existing legislations on countertrade (international barter), it would not require any …

paper money inflations -- 5. Characteristics of hyperinflations -- 6. Currency competition, inflation, Gresham's law and … exchange rate -- 7. Ending mild or moderate inflations -- 8. Currency reforms ending hyperinflations …