differences in countries' factor endowments and total factor productivity (the Solow residual). While the former can be relatively … interpretation for differences in total factor productivity across countries and quantitatively explore the role of trade barriers in …

governments' policy preferences. Theory can then further identify market characteristics for which liberalization is most likely … competition. Industries with more firm heterogeneity have greater potential for cooperation, provided that the lower productivity …

We use firm-level data for 15 countries and 13 manufacturing sectors to estimate firm-level productivity parameters and … to establish representative country-sector-specific empirical productivity distributions. We use these distributions … of technology in shaping international trade flows. We find that, on average, absolute advantage measured as productivity …

general pattern of productivity growth and industrial development. This paper surveys the literature on services trade …