by two new directives and one new regulation 2. In Parliament, 510 out of 574 members voted in favour. In the Council …

and sector-specific regulation on the one hand and conflicts between sector-specific regulation and competition law on the … instruments, and telecom regulation was interrupted by EU competition law. While the constitutional value of EU competition law … establishes its supremacy over telecom regulation, it is observed that the European Commission has over-stretched competition …

We develop models of bilateral oligopoly with two-way traffic exchanges to study the impact of competition and … prices for fixed settlement rates. Both competition and the PRR tend to increase net settlement payments. The overall market …

We develop models of bilateral oligopoly with traffic exchanges to study the competition and regulatory policies in the … rates and hence neutralizes PRR's effect on calling prices. Retail competition and PRR increase net settlement payments …

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) generate a wide range of social and economic externalities. Therefore … opportunity costs. This paper provides empirical evidence in support of the importance of telecommunications sector reform to … accelerate broadband deployment speed and adoption in the ICT sector to deliver social and economic impact. The theory of change …