patent system. The indicators are based on a review of the International Patent Classification in use by patent offices … ranging from agriculture to cosmetics, traditional medicines, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. A series of sub-sectors such …

witnessed by the fact that patent applications are very skewed in the covered trade names and patent thickness expands over time … pharmaceutical firms, between patent portfolio and profit margins. …

This paper evaluates the effects of patent protection on pharmaceutical innovations for twenty-six countries that … established pharmaceutical patent laws during 1978-2002. Controlling for country characteristics through matched sampling …-effects regressions, this study yields robust results. National patent protection alone does not stimulate domestic innovation, as …

patients around the world. Conceptually, the world pharmaceuticals supply market may become increasingly competitive at all … wider competition in the quest for new products, the development of those products, and the improvement of production … that emerging market countries are not yet at the stage in which the application of competition law will adequately promote …

This paper looks into various means of regulating pharmaceuticals and their effects on the structure of the … industry and thereby a factor for industry concentration. High industry concentration leads to reduced competition which in … industry activities proceeds, national regulation aimed at reducing costs for pharmaceuticals can have the unintended effect of …

enforcement against in-transit generic pharmaceuticals. The analysis of the European border measures reveals that in addition to …