Our paper contributes to the common ownership debate by empirically assessing the link between common ownership and profitability as a proxy for market competition. Rather than focusing on single industries, as most related studies do, we assess the common ownership hypothesis in the aggregate,...

The reduction of SOx, NOx, and PM can be helpful to the environment and human health. However, due to their potential to cool the atmosphere, the reduction of such emissions may intensify the global warming, creating a seeming dilemma to policy makers. This paper uses the shipping Emission...