commodity price shocks. Both approaches deliver similar conclusions. Specifically, an unfavorable food commodity market shock … raises food commodity prices, and leads to a rise in food, energy and core inflation, and to a persistent fall in real GDP …

increases and decreases in global energy and food prices, exchange rates, and money supply which cause inflation/deflation from … significantly. Meanwhile, the increase in global food prices causes inflation in the short run. The exchange rate has the most … significant effect on the CPI. Depreciation of the rupiah significantly increases the CPI, which means it causes inflation, while …