Interest in open innovation (OI) as a field of research has grown exponentially since the phrase was coined by Chesbrough (2003), with numerous articles, special issues, books and conference sessions. Various reviews of the literature have summarized prior work, offered new frameworks and...

In this chapter, we investigate how firms work with universities in the course of their innovation activities. We provide an overview of three main modes of direct interaction between firms and universities: IP licensing, research services and research partnerships. We outline the main...