The risk of supply disruption increases as firms seek to procure from cheaper, but unproven, suppliers. In this paper, we model a supply chain consisting of a single buyer and two suppliers, both of whom compete for the buyer's order and face risk of supply disruption. One supplier is...

We consider the spatial competition between two traditional physical (or offline) retailers and an Internet (or online) retailer where the efficiency of the latter differs from that of the former. We assume consumers are heterogeneous across two dimensions: (i) the costs of traveling to either...