unbundling. We begin by defining mandatory unbundling, with brief descriptions of different wholesale forms and different retail … investment hypothesis), and (4) competition in wholesale access markets is desirable. We proceed by testing empirically the major … mandatory unbundling experience with respect to retail pricing, investment, entry barriers, and wholesale competition. We review …

This paper examines retail competition in a liberalized gas market. Vertically integrated firms run both wholesale … new competitors occurs. The development of wholesale trade, instead, may induce generalized entry and retail competition …. This equilibrium outcome is obtained if a compulsory wholesale market is introduced, even when firms are vertically …