There is considerable debate about the role private litigation should play in the enforcement of antitrust law. This article focuses on one particular private enforcement mechanism – damages actions – and assesses whether and how much such actions have contributed to deterring antitrust...

This article assesses the role of private antitrust litigation in Japan through an empirical analysis. Based on data concerning actions for damages and injunctive relief in the post-war era, the article gauges how much private antitrust litigation has contributed to the deterrence of antitrust...

In most cases, mergers that raise competition problems are not prohibited but approved on condition that the parties remove the anti-competitive effects through remedies. This contribution examines the European Commission's merger remedies practice

This paper tells the story of the Saitama Saturday Club case and how it changed antitrust enforcement in Japan. Although the case is often cited as an example of failed antitrust enforcement, in fact, the case had a lasting and positive impact in many unexpected ways. The case opposed Japan's...