discusses the implications of "Abenomics," particularly qualitative and quantitative easing (QQE) by the Bank of Japan (BOJ …

trade dispute. In the early 1990s, Japan faced sluggish economic growth and low inflation, as well as severe structural … operational independence and the lessons learnt from Japan's bubble experience, meanwhile, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) was granted … independence under the new 1997 Bank of Japan Act. Japan's economic problems starting from the 1980s also coincided with the period …