In 1999 the red/green administration in Germany induced an ecological tax reform, which burdens energy consumption and uses the tax revenue to reduce social security distributions. As in other countries the design of the taxation does not follow textbook considerations, but is marked by many...

This report highlights lessons regarding impacts, costs and acceptance from the implementation of environmental tax reform (ETR) in industrialised countries that are most transferable to the developing country context. The report draws together the experience of the authors in selected...

If bioenergy has a less negative impact on the climate than fossil energy, it may be optimal to have a significant increase in the use of bioenergy over time. Due to the difference in the way the climate is affected by the two types of energy, the future time path of the use of bioenergy may be...

In 2015, the 21st Conference of the Parties reaffirmed the target of keeping the global mean temperature rise below 2 °C or 1.5 °C by 2100 while finding no consensus on how to decarbonize the global economy. In this regard, the speed of decarbonization reflects the (in)flexibility of...