first introduced in the 1970s in Germany. Such cost-benefit surveys (CBS) help to better understand a firm's demand for …, largely due to the associated labor costs for participants and instructors. Nevertheless, apprentices also add significant … apprentices and to identify market failures. Therefore, CBS are an important tool for designing effective training policies. …

This study investigates the effect of a negative demand shock on the composition of worker types at firms and examines … experiment to clearly identify the causal link between the demand encountered by a firm and the composition of its workforce in … terms of worker types, as well as to rule out any reverse causation. The decrease in demand experienced by Japanese …

perception of the business cycle, we expect a downward shift in the firm's demand for apprentices and consequently also a … Climate Index and the ifo Employment Barometer) and subsequent changes in the demand for apprentices, the number of new … be associated with a predicted 9% decrease in firm demand for apprentices and an almost 7% decrease in the number of new …