This paper compares the degree of openness to trade of three developed countries markets-the European Union, Japan, the United States-with that of three middle-income countries, namely Brazil, India, and China. A theoretically consistent protection measure - the Mercantilistic Trade...

This paper presents new high-frequency data on trade policy changes targeting medical and food products since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, documenting how countries used trade policy instruments in response to the health crisis on a week-by-week basis. The data set reveals a rapid...

This paper empirically investigates the impact of trade liberalisation on the informal economy for the BRICS. A common criterion for choosing these countries was 1) trade reforms and 2). presence of a large informal sector. While trade liberalisation and globalisation may have propelled economic...