how the transmission depends on bank balance sheets, and how this changes once policy rates become negative. We review the …

We analyze the impact of quantitative easing by the Federal Reserve, European Central Bank and Bank of England on cross … and UK, respectively. In general QE works at short maturities across bank locations and loan currencies, more strongly for …

In June 2014 the ECB became the first major central bank to lower one of its key policy rates to negative territory … by using individual bank data for the euro area to identify possible adjustments by banks triggered by the introduction … of negative interest rates through three channels: government bond holdings, bank lending, and wholesale funding. We find …