reform processes that took place in Morocco, Egypt and Iran primarily between 2010 and 2017, thus before the United States … government rents faded, subsidy spending became financially unsustainable and foreign donors pressed for reforms. Yet, reform has … spending can affect the nature of social contracts profoundly and distinctly, depending on the reform strategy. It assesses the …

technology adaptation using data from the manufacturing firms in Iran. By connecting two price distortions and their results on …

. This discussion paper examines the most recent experience of food subsidy reform in Iran in order to derive some lessons … for food subsidy reforms elsewhere. Iran has a long history of providing general commodity subsidies, including for energy … market rate) – during the four years following the unilateral withdrawal of United States from the Iran nuclear deal in 2018 …