This study identifies a new mechanism to account for the persistent gender differences in earnings after childbirth … conditions at the time of childbearing widen the gender gap among parents. Employing the instrumental variable (IV) method … time and accounts for 30-40 percent of the after-childbirth gender gap in earnings. Unintended impacts of recession on …

Women experience significant reductions in labor market income following the birth of children, while their male … amount of the gender income gap. In this paper we do two things. First, we use a simple household model to better understand … the potential mechanisms driving the child penalty, which include gender norms around child care, female preferences for …

encouraged childbearing, suggesting that CPFL had little effect on the gender pay gap or child penalty. For first-time mothers …

The motherhood wage penalty denotes the difference in wages between mothers and women without children that is not … explained by differences in human capital characteristics and labor market experience. As part of the gender pay gap, the … motherhood wage penalty can represent a significant cost to being female and having children. If ignored, it may undermine policy …

countries and whether and how the policies affect women's labor market outcomes, their own and children's health, and child … development. The leave policies can also influence women's fertility choices, as well as household specialization and husbands …