. Accounting for the ACA subsidy design, this regulation decreased federal spending by more than 10%, and reduced participation by … most buyers are subsidized, although age-rating restrictions affect pre-subsidy premiums, participation is primarily driven … by subsidy generosity rather than pricing decisions. Combining pre and post-reform data on prices and enrollment we find …

Using premium subsidies for private coverage, an individual mandate, and Medicaid expansion, the Affordable Care Act … responsive to price subsidies, with larger gains in state-based insurance exchanges than the federal exchange. The individual … essentially no crowd-out of private insurance. Overall, exchange premium subsidies produced 40% of the coverage gains explained by …

Using premium subsidies for private coverage, an individual mandate, and Medicaid expansion, the Affordable Care Act … responsive to price subsidies, with larger gains in state-based insurance exchanges than the federal exchange. The individual … essentially no crowd-out of private insurance. Overall, exchange premium subsidies produced 40% of the coverage gains explained by …